Roman Silver Denarius

211 BC - 244 AD • Roman Republic/Empire • 1 Denarius

About This Coin

The silver denarius was the standard Roman currency for over 450 years. These coins feature portraits of emperors, gods, and important figures on the obverse with various symbolic designs on the reverse.

Specifications

Composition

95-98% Silver (early), declining to 50% or less (later)

Weight

3.9 grams (early), variable (later)

Diameter

17-21 mm

Edge

Irregular (hand-struck)

Designer

Various moneyers and emperors

Mintage

Millions produced over centuries

Estimated Values by Condition

Condition	Estimated Value
Poor (P)	$15-30
Good (G)	$30-75
Fine (F)	$75-200
Very Fine (VF)	$200-500
Extremely Fine (EF/XF)	$500-2,000
Uncirculated (MS)	$2,000-20,000+

* Values are estimates based on market data and may vary significantly based on specific condition, mint mark, and market demand.

Identification Tips

Look for portraits on the obverse - emperors, gods, or personifications. Check legends (inscriptions) for dating clues. Silver quality declined over time (earlier = more silver). Common reverse themes include military victories, gods, temples, and political propaganda. Weight and diameter vary by period.

Historical Context

Introduced during the Second Punic War (circa 211 BC), the denarius became the backbone of Roman currency. The name literally means "containing ten" (asses). As the Roman economy faced pressure, emperors gradually debased the coinage, reducing silver content. By the 3rd century AD, the denarius was replaced by other denominations.

Notable Varieties

Republican denarii
Imperial denarii
Portraits of various emperors
Commemorative issues
Provincial mintages

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I tell which emperor is on my denarius?

Check the inscriptions (legends) around the portrait. Emperor names typically appear as abbreviations. Reference books like RIC (Roman Imperial Coinage) or online databases can help identify specific rulers. Portrait style and reverse designs also help narrow down the period.

Why do ancient coins look irregular?

Ancient coins were hand-struck using dies and hammers, not machine-made. This results in off-center strikes, irregular shapes, and uneven surfaces. These "imperfections" are expected and part of their authentic charm.